About This Chapter
This quiz preparation collection examines exam content related to topics including erikson's psychosocial theory: independence, gender, the goodness of fit, independence, intention, goal-directed behavior, and interpreting differences in attachment. It includes thoughtfully prepared questions and presents practice questions with accurate answers, comprehensive explanations, and terminology definitions, including accurate answers and comprehensive explanations for each question. Extensive term definitions and glossary support enhance learning effectiveness and concept clarity.
The learning goals consist of the following:
✓ Summarize attachment in young children.
Question 1
What types of behaviors in caregivers create a sense of shame and doubt in children?
- overprotectiveness and criticism
- neglectfulness and indifference
- enmeshment and fear
- patience and tolerance
Correct Answer:
overprotectiveness and criticism
Glossary:
Attachment: A close emotional bond between two people.
Question 2
Erik Erikson describes the second stage of personality development as the stage of ________ versus shame and doubt.
- curiosity
- dependence
- autonomy
- fear
Correct Answer:
autonomy
Glossary:
Autonomous Morality: In Piaget’s theory, older children (about 10 years of age and older) become aware that rules and laws are created by people and that in judging an action one should consider the actor’s intentions as well as the consequences.
Question 3
In Canada, parents tend to prefer children with a(n) ________ temperament, whereas in China a(n) ________ temperament is more highly valued.
- active; inhibited
- inhibited; active
- inner-focused; outward-focused
- outward-focused; inner-focused
Correct Answer:
active; inhibited
Glossary:
Temperament: Involves individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic ways of responding.
Question 4
Monsena is an independent and adventurous child who likes to explore new places in her environment. However, her mother is overprotective and forbids Monsena from playing in the backyard or the garden of their house. Developmental psychologists would say that this discrepancy concerns
- goodness of fit.
- nonreciprocal interactions.
- social dysfunction.
- insecure attachment.
Correct Answer:
goodness of fit.
Glossary:
Goodness of Fit: Refers to the match between a child’s temperament and the environmental demands with which the child must cope.
Question 5
________ refers to the match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands the child must cope with.
- Social referencing
- Secure attachment
- Goodness of fit
- Reciprocal socialization
Correct Answer:
Goodness of fit
Glossary:
Goodness of Fit: Refers to the match between a child’s temperament and the environmental demands with which the child must cope.
Question 6
Nick is 24 months old. His nanny observes that he has better locomotion skills than other children his age. He loves to walk and run around more than other children. Which of the following would most likely be a result of this behavior?
- increase in face-to-face play
- increased independent social interchanges
- coincidental cooperative behavior
- decreased expectation of positive interaction
Correct Answer:
increased independent social interchanges
Glossary:
Social Play: Play that involves social interactions with peers.
Question 7
Which concept helps the infant understand that other people have intentions?
- habituation
- joint attention
- the core knowledge approach
- the A-not-B error
Correct Answer:
joint attention
Glossary:
Joint Attention: Process that occurs when individuals focus on the same object and are able to track another’s behavior, one individual directs another’s attention, and reciprocal interaction takes place.
Question 8
Recent studies found that a disorganized attachment style developed in infancy only when infants had the short version of the serotonin transporter gene, 5-HTTLPR. This gene-environment interaction only occurred when
- the infants' other-consciousness developed poorly in the first six months after birth.
- mothers showed a low level of responsiveness toward their infants.
- maternal nutrition was deficient during the prenatal period.
- the infants were temperamentally inclined toward negative affectivity.
Correct Answer:
mothers showed a low level of responsiveness toward their infants.
Glossary:
Attachment: A close emotional bond between two people.
Question 9
Andy showed secure attachment as an early infant, and now he is in his early childhood. Which of the following would we expect to see from Andy?
- increased social competence with peers
- greater intelligence than his peers
- increased social anxiety
- increased aggression with his peers
Correct Answer:
increased social competence with peers
Glossary:
Attachment: A close emotional bond between two people.
Question 10
Jeremy is a securely attached infant, while Jason is an insecure infant. Which of the following statements about later functioning for these children is true?
- There will be no differences in their social functioning by age eight.
- Jeremy is likely to have more learning difficulties in elementary school than Jason.
- Jeremy is likely to be more shy and withdrawn than Jason.
- Jeremy is likely to have more self-confidence than Jason.
Correct Answer:
Jeremy is likely to have more self-confidence than Jason.
Question 11
Carla and Mike are discussing secure attachment in infancy. Carla believes that secure attachment in an infant's life provides an important foundation for psychological development that occurs later in life. She strongly feels that there is enough evidence to support this. However, Mike rejects her view. Which of the following statements, if true, supports Mike's view?
- Studies have shown that a mother's negative emotional reactions (anger and anxiety) to her infant's crying do not have an effect either on the child's attachment security or on the child's psychological development later in life.
- It has been proven that social agents and contexts seldom influence an infant's secure attachment and thereby later development.
- Biologically based factors such as genes and temperament have not been given adequate consideration on how they influence an infant's secure attachment and thereby later development.
- It has been observed and proven in all cultures that secure attachment is the least common factor to influence an infant's later development.
Correct Answer:
Biologically based factors such as genes and temperament have not been given adequate consideration on how they influence an infant's secure attachment and thereby later development.
Question 12
The ________ model involves connections across domains over time that influence developmental pathways and outcomes.
- internal working
- external working
- Strange Situation
- developmental cascade
Correct Answer:
developmental cascade
Question 13
________ can include connections between a wide range of biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes, and also can involve social contexts such as families, peers, schools, and culture.
- Reciprocal socializations
- Developmental cascades
- Secure attachments
- Scaffolding
Correct Answer:
Developmental cascades
Glossary:
Socioemotional Processes: Changes in an individual’s interpersonal relationships, emotions, and personality.
Question 14
Jerome Kagan and other developmentalists stress that ________ play a more important role in a child's social competence than the attachment theorists, such as Bowlby and Ainsworth, are willing to acknowledge.
- the child's genetic characteristics and temperament
- the quality of parenting and the extra support provided to mothers
- security of attachment to a primary caregiver and the subsequent experiences of the child
- maternal care and the diversity of social contexts in which the child participates
Correct Answer:
the child's genetic characteristics and temperament
Question 15
According to Mary Ainsworth, a(n) ________ infant avoids the mother or is ambivalent toward her, fears strangers, and is upset by minor, everyday separations.
- extraverted
- insecurely attached
- easily adaptable
- slow-to-warm-up
Correct Answer:
insecurely attached
Glossary:
Securely Attached Babies: Babies who use the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment.
Question 16
Shoko responds positively to being picked up by others, and when put back down, freely moves away to play. She would most likely be classified as being
- securely attached.
- extremely inhibited.
- difficult.
- insecurely attached.
Correct Answer:
securely attached.
Glossary:
Securely Attached Babies: Babies who use the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment.