About This Chapter
This practice assessment covers covering key examination areas including the smiling, the social referencing, the social support/integration, the temperament, the temperament; biological influences and the trust. Includes contains test items featuring correct responses, thorough explanations, and comprehensive terminology guides supported by detailed glossaries and comprehensive definitional guides. Immediate answer verification with detailed explanatory notes enhances practice effectiveness and knowledge retention.
The learning outcomes are:
✓ Summarize attachment in young children.
✓ Explain how social contexts influence early development.
Question 1
Three-month-old Zoey looks up at her mother and smiles. What do researchers call this smile?
- trust smile
- social smile
- reflexive smile
- attachment smile
Correct Answer:
social smile
Glossary:
Social Smile: A smile in response to an external stimulus, which early in development is typically a face.
Question 2
A social smile differs from a reflexive smile in that a social smile
- occurs in response to an external stimulus.
- is first observed beyond the age of 12 months.
- occurs only when the infant is asleep.
- usually occurs when a child meets unfamiliar adults outside the home environment.
Correct Answer:
occurs in response to an external stimulus.
Glossary:
Reflexive Smile: A smile that does not occur in response to external stimuli. It happens during the first month after birth, usually during sleep.
Question 3
When one-month-old Mai is sleeping, it often looks like she is smiling. This is an example of a ________ smile.
- private
- reflexive
- natural
- social
Correct Answer:
reflexive
Glossary:
Reflexes: Built-in reactions to stimuli that govern the newborn’s movements, which are automatic and beyond the newborn’s control.
Question 4
What is the term used to describe "reading" emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation?
- social referencing
- deferred imitation
- infinite generativity
- reciprocal socialization
Correct Answer:
social referencing
Glossary:
Social Referencing: “Reading” emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation.
Question 5
Quimby, a 15-month-old child, looks to her mother to see if she should be afraid of the stranger who has come to her home. Quimby relaxes when she sees her mother smiling and speaking to the stranger in a calm voice. Quimby is engaging in
- social checking.
- social scoping.
- social referencing.
- social validation.
Correct Answer:
social referencing.
Glossary:
Social Referencing: “Reading” emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation.
Question 6
When people become parents through pregnancy, adoption, or step-parenting, they face ________ and must adapt.
- equilibrium
- disturbance
- disequilibrium
- symmetry
Correct Answer:
disequilibrium
Glossary:
Equilibration: A mechanism that Piaget proposed to explain how children shift from one stage of thought to the next.
Question 7
Which of the following statements is true about the transition to parenthood?
- All mothers are satisfied with their partners' efforts in parenting.
- Women do less than an hour of additional work during the transition to parenthood in comparison to 40 minutes for men.
- Couples agree that babies either bring them closer or move them apart.
- Research shows that all married couples report an increase in marriage satisfaction after the baby is born.
Correct Answer:
Couples agree that babies either bring them closer or move them apart.
Glossary:
Attachment: A close emotional bond between two people.
Question 8
According to Rothbart and Bates' new classification of temperament, in which category would Kagan's uninhibited children fit into?
- self-regulation
- negative affectivity
- extraversion/surgency
- effortful control
Correct Answer:
extraversion/surgency
Glossary:
Temperament: Involves individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic ways of responding.
Question 9
________ involves individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic ways of responding.
- Attachment
- Temperament
- Perception
- Social referencing
Correct Answer:
Temperament
Glossary:
Temperament: Involves individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic ways of responding.
Question 10
Alexa and Mandy are discussing the best parenting strategies in relation to a child's temperament. Alexa thinks that the best strategy is putting standard goals in place to deal with children's individualities. However, Mandy disagrees with Alexa's view. Which of the following statements supports Mandy's view?
- A goal may be accomplished in one way with one child, but it does not necessarily mean the same can be applied to all children.
- Dealing with children's individualities cannot be considered a strategy to deal with a child's temperament as there is no correlation between the two.
- A child's individuality changes so frequently that it is impossible to come up with goals to deal with it.
- It has been proved that focusing on structuring a child's environment is a better strategy than paying attention to a child's individuality and coming up with goals to deal with it.
Correct Answer:
A goal may be accomplished in one way with one child, but it does not necessarily mean the same can be applied to all children.
Glossary:
Strategies: Deliberate mental activities that improve the processing of information.
Question 11
The recent focus on ________ emphasizes that individuals can engage in a more cognitive, flexible approach to stressful circumstances.
- extraversion
- extreme inhibition
- negative affectivity
- effortful control
Correct Answer:
effortful control
Question 12
Recent research has shown that the group of preschool children that have the following temperament, as classified by Rothbart and Bates, engage in more obesity-related eating behaviors.
- extraversion/surgency
- negative affectivity
- effortful control
- self-deregulated
Correct Answer:
extraversion/surgency
Glossary:
Temperament: Involves individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic ways of responding.
Question 13
Mary Rothbart and John Bates believe that infant temperament falls into which of the following categories?
- emotionality, social ability, and activity level
- extraversion/surgency, negative affectivity, and effortful control
- easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up
- extraversion, introversion, and emotionality
Correct Answer:
extraversion/surgency, negative affectivity, and effortful control
Question 14
According to Jerome Kagan, temperament
- is the result of inherited physiological characteristics; however, it can be modified to some degree by experiences.
- is the result of inherited physiological characteristics and cannot be modified by the environment.
- is minimally influenced by inherited physiological characteristics but is primarily the result of environmental input.
- results completely from environmental factors such as parenting styles.
Correct Answer:
is the result of inherited physiological characteristics; however, it can be modified to some degree by experiences.
Question 15
Which of the following would Erik Erikson most likely recommend to soothe a crying infant?
- Do not soothe the baby because he or she will be spoiled.
- Pick up the baby and soothe him or her so that a healthy sense of trust develops.
- Allow the infant to cry because this will encourage the development of a self-sufficient child.
- Soothe the baby every other time, so that he or she does not become dependent on external comforters.
Correct Answer:
Pick up the baby and soothe him or her so that a healthy sense of trust develops.
Glossary:
Attachment: A close emotional bond between two people.
Question 16
Which of the following statements is true about Erik Erikson's trust-versus-mistrust stage of development?
- The issue of trust versus mistrust is resolved once and for all in the first year of the infant's life.
- Even though the issue of trust versus mistrust arises at each successive stage of development, it can have only positive outcomes.
- Infants who learn trust by being cared for in a consistent, warm manner will never develop mistrust in life.
- Children who leave infancy with a sense of trust can still have their sense of mistrust activated at a later stage, perhaps if their parents get divorced.
Correct Answer:
Children who leave infancy with a sense of trust can still have their sense of mistrust activated at a later stage, perhaps if their parents get divorced.
Glossary:
Attachment: A close emotional bond between two people.