Defects in mitochondria are linked with
- Parkinson disease.
- arthritis.
- roseola
- cerebral palsy.
Parkinson Disease: A chronic, progressive disease characterized by muscle tremors, slowing of movement, and partial facial paralysis.
Which of the following is a biological theory explaining aging?
- two-factor theory
- attachment theory
- mitochondrial theory
- reverse neurogenesis theory
Mitochondrial Theory: The theory that aging is caused by the decay of mitochondria, tiny cellular bodies that supply energy for function, growth, and repair.
The tiny bodies within cells that supply essential energy for function, growth, and repair are known as
- Lewy bodies.
- ribosomes.
- chromosomes.
- mitochondria.
Mitochondrial Theory: The theory that aging is caused by the decay of mitochondria, tiny cellular bodies that supply energy for function, growth, and repair.
________ theory states that aging is due to the decay of ________.
- Free-radical; oxygen molecules
- Mitochondrial; mitochondria
- Stress; nutrients
- Free-radical; mitochondria
Mitochondrial Theory: The theory that aging is caused by the decay of mitochondria, tiny cellular bodies that supply energy for function, growth, and repair.
Which of the following is a similarity between cellular clock, free-radical, and mitochondrial theories?
- They attribute the process of aging to hormonal changes.
- They attempt to explain aging at the cellular level.
- They discount the role of genetics in aging.
- They emphasize the effects of ecological factors on aging.
Cellular Clock Theory: Leonard Hayflick’s theory that the maximum number of times that human cells can divide is about 75 to 80. As we age, our cells have less capacity to divide.
Which of the following is a major antioxidant vitamin?
- vitamin C
- vitamin A
- vitamin B7
- vitamin B1
Critics point out that studies on the effectiveness of antioxidants in slowing the aging process thus far have been so-called population studies that are ________ in nature.
- hypothetical
- longitudinal
- experimental
- correlational
Correlational Research: Research that attempts to determine the strength of the relationship between two or more events or characteristics.
Tasha is 68 years old. A change in her eating behavior over the years has led to harmful weight loss. Which of the following has most likely contributed to her weight loss?
- decrease in the use of protein supplements
- use of calorie supplements between meals
- decrease in snacking between meals
- use of taste enhancers between meals
A recent meta-analysis of seven studies concluded that dietary intakes (not vitamin supplements) of vitamin E, C, and beta-carotene were linked to a reduced risk of ________ disease.
- Alzheimer
- kidney
- cardiovascular
- Parkinson
Alzheimer Disease: A progressive, irreversible brain disorder characterized by a gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and eventually, physical function.
Which of the following is true of antioxidants?
- There still are many uncertainties about the role of antioxidant vitamins in health.
- Recent research reviews have supported the belief that antioxidant vitamin supplements can reduce the incidence of cancer.
- A recent meta-analysis of seven studies concluded that dietary intakes (not vitamin supplements) of vitamin E, C, and beta-carotene were not linked to a reduced risk of Alzheimer disease.
- Recent research reviews have not supported the belief that antioxidant vitamin supplements can reduce the incidence of cardiovascular diseases.
________ are theorized to act much like a fire extinguisher, helping to neutralize free-radical activity and reduce stress caused by damage to cells.
- Ketone bodies
- Antihistamines
- Antibiotics
- Antioxidants
In the context of the free-radical theory of aging, which of the following best describes the action of antioxidants?
- They generate a large number of white blood cells to fight off pathogens.
- They counteract the cell damage caused by free radicals.
- They increase the hemoglobin count in the circulatory system.
- They increase the muscle mass and help burn calories.
Free-Radical Theory: A microbiological theory of aging that states that people age because normal metabolic processes within their cells produce unstable oxygen molecules known as free radicals. These molecules ricochet around inside cells, damaging DNA and other cellular structures.
Susan is 72 years old. She has a body mass index (BMI) of 23. Her dietician recommends certain measures that she should follow to remain healthy and reduce the risk of diseases. Which of the following is Susan's dietician likely to recommend?
- decreasing the intake of proteins
- using calorie supplements between meals
- maintaining a healthy weight
- using taste enhancers between meals
Aerobic Exercise: Sustained exercise (such as jogging, swimming, or cycling) that stimulates heart and lung activity.
Which of the following observations about the connection between weight and mortality is true?
- Men who were underweight lived longer.
- Women who were 20 pounds overweight did not present increased risk of mortality.
- Women who were 20 or more pounds underweight lived longer.
- Men who were 20 pounds overweight did not present increased risk of mortality.
Life Expectancy: The number of years that will probably be lived by the average person born in a particular year.