________ processes refer to changes in the individual's thought, intelligence, and language.
- Cognitive
- Biological
- Socioemotional
- Cultural
Cognitive Control: Effective control of thinking in a number of areas, including controlling attention, reducing interfering thoughts, and being cognitively flexible.
A group of people who are born at a similar point in history and share similar experiences as a result is referred to as
- a cult.
- a clan.
- a cohort.
- a posse.
Cohort Effects: Characteristics determined by a person’s time of birth, era, or generation rather than the person’s actual age.
Dr. Wilman is researching the place women occupy in families in Japan and the United States. Dr. Wilman is conducting a(n) ________ study.
- longitudinal
- ethnocentric
- cross-cultural
- decentralized
Cross-Cultural Studies: Comparison of one culture with one or more other cultures. These provide information about the degree to which development is similar, or universal, across cultures, and the degree to which it is culture-specific.
Socioeconomic status (SES) refers to
- the behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a particular group of people that are passed on from generation to generation.
- a person's position within society based on occupational, educational, and economic characteristics.
- the degree to which development is similar or universal across cultures.
- a social label placed on a similar group of people based on their heritage, nationality, race, religion, and language.
Socioeconomic Status (SES): Refers to the grouping of people with similar occupational, educational, and economic characteristics.
________ is a government's course of action designed to promote the welfare of its citizens.
- Social policy
- Generational policy
- Cultural legislation
- Equity policy
Social Policy: A national government’s course of action designed to promote the welfare of its citizens.
According to a study that analyzed the exposure to six stressors among poor children and middle-income children in the United States, which of the following is a difference between children in poor families and children in middle-income families?
- Unlike children in poor families, children in middle-income families were much more likely to separate from a parent.
- Unlike children in poor families, children in middle-income families were much less likely to have a peaceful home.
- Unlike children in middle-income families, children in poor families were much more likely to be exposed to violence.
- Unlike children in middle-income families, children in poor families were much less likely to be exposed to family turmoil.
Socioeconomic Status (SES): Refers to the grouping of people with similar occupational, educational, and economic characteristics.
Compared with earlier decades, U.S. adults today are
- more likely to be married.
- more likely to be childless.
- less likely to be living alone.
- less likely to need social relationships and support.
In the context of technology, which of the following was invented in the 1950s and contributed to changing human life permanently?
- bluetooth
- smartphones
- global Positioning System (GPS)
- television
Religion: An organized set of beliefs, practices, rituals, and symbols that increases an individual’s connection to a sacred or transcendent other (God, higher power, or higher truth).
In the continuity-discontinuity issue in development, continuity refers to ________, while discontinuity implies ________.
- abrupt change; stability
- gradual change; distinct stages
- qualitative change; quantitative change
- discrete stages; gradations
Continuity-Discontinuity Issue: Debate about the extent to which development involves gradual, cumulative change (continuity) or distinct stages (discontinuity).
The concept of discontinuity is characterized by
- qualitative change.
- quantitative change.
- collective change.
- measured change.
Palliative Care: The type of care emphasized in a hospice, which involves reducing pain and suffering and helping individuals die with dignity.
Ariel wants to describe the strength of the relationship between the number of airplane companies in the world and global warming. Which of the following kinds of research is Ariel most likely to perform?
- descriptive
- correlational
- collaborative
- discrete
Correlational Research: Research that attempts to determine the strength of the relationship between two or more events or characteristics.
Dr. Jackson's research has found that the correlation between IQ and head circumference is +.10. From this information, we can conclude that
- people with large heads have a higher IQ than people with small heads.
- there is a weak relationship between head size and IQ.
- people with small heads tend to have a higher IQ than people with large heads.
- head circumference is an important predictor of IQ.
Correlation Coefficient: A number based on statistical analysis that is used to describe the degree of association between two variables.
Which of the following correlations is the strongest?
- -.65
- +.46
- +.70
- -.77
Correlation Coefficient: A number based on statistical analysis that is used to describe the degree of association between two variables.
The cross-sectional approach to developmental research compares
- various research methodologies.
- various developmental theories.
- individuals of different ages.
- individuals of different genders.
Individual Differences: The stable, consistent ways in which people differ from each other.
When researchers use surface labels such as "Blacks," "Hispanics," and "Caucasians," they underrepresent the differences that exist among people within the same racial group. This practice is referred to as
- ethnic gloss.
- euphemization.
- acculturation.
- ethnic cleansing.
Ethnic Gloss: Using an ethnic label such as African American or Latino in a superficial way that portrays an ethnic group as being more homogeneous than it really is.
________ encompasses the behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a particular group of people that are passed on from generation to generation.
- Culture
- Genotype
- Phenotype
- Ethnocentricity
Social Role Theory: A theory that gender differences result from the contrasting roles of men and women.
The idea that no singular theory can explain life-span development as a whole, but that each theory plays an important role, is referred to as a(n)
- eclectic theoretical orientation.
- mixed theoretical orientation.
- abridged theoretical orientation.
- severed theoretical orientation.
Eclectic Theoretical Orientation: An orientation that does not follow any one theoretical approach but rather selects from each theory whatever is considered the best in it.
Which of Urie Bronfenbrenner's environmental systems consists of the patterning of environmental events and transitions over the life course, as well as sociohistorical circumstances?
- the mesosystem
- the chronosystem
- the macrosystem
- the exosystem
Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Theory: Bronfenbrenner’s environmental systems theory that focuses on five environmental systems: microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem.
The ________ involves the culture in which individuals live.
- chronosystem
- mesosystem
- ethnosystem
- macrosystem
Limbic System: The part of the brain where emotions and rewards are processed.
The ________ consists of links between a social setting in which an individual does not have an active role and the individual's immediate context.
- microsystem
- mesosystem
- exosystem
- macrosystem
Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Theory: Bronfenbrenner’s environmental systems theory that focuses on five environmental systems: microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem.
The ________ involves relations between microsystems or connections between contexts.
- metasystem
- mesosystem
- chronosystem
- macrosystem
Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Theory: Bronfenbrenner’s environmental systems theory that focuses on five environmental systems: microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem.
According to Urie Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory, a person's family, peers, school, and neighborhood constitute his/her
- microsystem.
- mesosystem.
- chronosystem.
- macrosystem.
Limbic System: The part of the brain where emotions and rewards are processed.