Winnie is considering the use of anesthesia during the circumcision of her newborn son. She wants to know if newborns can feel pain. What would you tell her?
- Yes; recent research indicates that infants can feel pain.
- No; infants cannot feel pain.
- Maybe; research on the matter is inconclusive as of now.
- Maybe; the level of pain felt depends on the newborn's resilience.
Pain Cry: A sudden appearance of a long, initial loud cry without preliminary moaning, followed by breath holding.
Identify a disadvantage of breast feeding in the context of impoverished African countries.
- There is risk of passing HIV to babies through breast milk if the mothers have the virus.
- Breast milk is less hygienic than infant formula.
- Breast feeding predominantly deteriorates the health of the mother.
- Mothers who breast feed have a higher risk of breast and ovarian cancer.
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): Infections that are contracted primarily through sexual contact, including oral-genital and anal-genital contact.
Infants can see objects before they can control their torso, and they can use their hands long before they can crawl or walk. This would indicate that they have a ________ pattern of growth.
- proximodistal
- proximocaudal
- cephalodistal
- cephalocaudal
Cephalocaudal Pattern: Developmental sequence in which the earliest growth always occurs at the top—the head—with physical growth in size, weight, and feature differentiation gradually working from top to bottom.
The ________ pattern of growth is the developmental sequence in which growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities.
- proximodistal
- proximocaudal
- cephalocaudal
- cephalodistal
Proximodistal Pattern: Developmental sequence in which growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities.
The cephalocaudal pattern is the sequence in which the earliest growth always occurs at the
- center of the body and then moves toward the extremities.
- spinal cord and then expands out to the limbs and head.
- top-the head-with physical growth and differentiation of features gradually working their way down from top to bottom.
- bottom-the feet-with physical growth and differentiation of features gradually working their way up to the head.
Cephalocaudal Pattern: Developmental sequence in which the earliest growth always occurs at the top—the head—with physical growth in size, weight, and feature differentiation gradually working from top to bottom.
Amber, a 4-month-old baby, knows that the form of a dinner plate remains the same whether it is flat on the table or standing in the dish drainer. In the context of perceptual constancy, Amber has most likely developed
- shape retention.
- depth constancy.
- shape constancy.
- color constancy.
Shape Constancy: The recognition that an object’s shape remains the same even though its orientation to the observer changes.
________ is the recognition that an object remains the same even though the retinal image of the object changes as you move toward or away from the object.
- Shape constancy
- Perceptual disparity
- Size constancy
- Perceptual occlusion
Size Constancy: The recognition that an object remains the same even though the retinal image of the object changes as the observer moves toward or away from the object.
The two types of perceptual constancy are
- size constancy and shape constancy.
- shape constancy and color constancy.
- color constancy and speed constancy.
- speed constancy and size constancy.
Shape Constancy: The recognition that an object’s shape remains the same even though its orientation to the observer changes.
When you see an airplane flying away from you, it appears to get smaller. However, you know that it stays the same size. The difference between your sensation and your perception of the plane illustrates the concept of
- perceptual constancy.
- sensory confusion.
- sensory consistency.
- perceptual disparity.
Shape Constancy: The recognition that an object’s shape remains the same even though its orientation to the observer changes.
Which of the following statements is true of perceptual constancy?
- Sensory stimulation remains constant, but perception of the physical world changes.
- Sensory stimulation changes, but perception of the physical world remains constant.
- Constant sensory stimulation receives a constant perceptual response.
- Perception of the physical world remains constant because of limited visual acuity.
Perception: The interpretation of what is sensed.
Which of the following statements about perceptual-motor coupling in infants is true?
- Perception and motor activity occur separately in infants.
- Infants continually coordinate their movements with perceptual information involving people.
- The concept of perceptual-motor coupling does not develop until the ages of two to three.
- Perceptual-motor coupling develops in children only by the age of five.
Coordination Of Secondary Circular Reactions: Piaget’s fourth sensorimotor substage, which develops between 8 and 12 months of age. Actions become more outwardly directed, and infants coordinate schemes and act with intentionality.
Which of the following statements about infants and REM sleep is true?
- When infants are three months old, the amount of time they spend in REM sleep begins to increase.
- Most infants spend about 70 percent of their sleeping time in REM sleep.
- REM sleep might promote the brain's development in infancy.
- Older adults are the only group that spends more time in REM sleep than infants.
Identify a true statement about REM sleep in infancy.
- Compared with non-REM sleep, a much greater amount of time is taken up by REM sleep in infancy than at any other point in the life span.
- Compared with non-REM sleep, REM sleep is more quiet.
- Infants often begin their sleep cycle with non-REM sleep rather than REM sleep.
- REM sleep hinders self-stimulation in infants since they spend less time awake than do older children.
Life Span: The maximum number of years an individual can live. The life span of human beings is about 120 to 125 years of age.
Whenever baby Beth hears a loud noise, she responds with the ________ reflex, where she arches her back, throws back her head, flings out her arms and legs, and then rapidly closes her arms and legs.
- Moro
- rooting
- grasping
- fencing
Moro Reflex: A neonatal startle response in which the newborn arches its back, throws its head back, flings out its arms and legs, and then pulls its arms and legs close to the center of the body.
Which of the following reflexes is most likely to occur when something touches an infant's palms?
- the grasping reflex
- the rooting reflex
- the sucking reflex
- the Moro reflex
Grasping Reflex: A neonatal reflex that occurs when something touches the infant’s palms and the infant responds by grasping tightly.
When Martha wants to feed her newborn son, she gently brushes her nipple against his cheek and, in the ________ reflex, he turns his head toward the side that was touched and immediately latches onto her breast.
- Moro
- sucking
- rooting
- grasping
Rooting Reflex: A newborn’s built-in reaction that occurs when the infant’s cheek is stroked or the side of the mouth is touched. In response, the infant turns his or her head toward the side that was touched, in an apparent effort to find something to suck.
________ are built-in reactions to stimuli; they govern a newborn's movements, which are automatic and beyond the newborn's control.
- Instincts
- Reflexes
- Impulses
- Urges
Reflexes: Built-in reactions to stimuli that govern the newborn’s movements, which are automatic and beyond the newborn’s control.
Which of the following statements about reflexes is true?
- Reflexive behavior is identical among babies.
- Some reflexes persist through life.
- All reflexes have survival value today.
- All newborn reflexes disappear a few months after birth.
Reflexes: Built-in reactions to stimuli that govern the newborn’s movements, which are automatic and beyond the newborn’s control.