Timothy is a shy 6-year-old who is usually withdrawn in class. He is always distracted in class and refuses to cooperate with other students during class activities. He does not volunteer to answer questions, and as his teachers find it difficult to elicit any response from him, they choose to ignore him. He is not liked by his classmates as he never shares his belongings. As a result, he mostly plays by himself. According to Sandra Scarr's description of the three ways that heredity and environment can be correlated, which of the following correlations is most likely exhibited in this scenario?
- passive genotype-environment correlation
- active genotype-environment correlation
- niche-picking genotype-environment correlation
- evocative genotype-environment correlation
Evocative Genotype-Environment Correlations: Correlations that exist when the child’s genetically influenced characteristics elicit certain types of environments.
Charlie is a cooperative, attentive child and is a favorite at home and school; he receives positive, instructive responses from adults. This is indicative of a(n)
- passive genotype-environment correlation.
- evocative genotype-environment correlation.
- influential genotype-environment correlation.
- active (niche-picking) genotype-environment correlation.
Evocative Genotype-Environment Correlations: Correlations that exist when the child’s genetically influenced characteristics elicit certain types of environments.
________ correlations occur because a child's genetically influenced characteristics elicit certain types of environments.
- Passive genotype-environment
- Evocative genotype-environment
- Influential genotype-environment
- Active (niche-picking) genotype-environment
Evocative Genotype-Environment Correlations: Correlations that exist when the child’s genetically influenced characteristics elicit certain types of environments.
As an alternative to "________ evolutionism" presented in evolutionary psychology, Albert Bandura proposed a ________ view.
- bidirectional; unidirectional
- one-sided; bidirectional
- dynamic; linear
- balanced; biased
Evolutionary Psychology: Emphasizes the importance of adaptation, reproduction, and “survival of the fittest” in shaping behavior.
Paul Baltes says that natural selection among humans operates mainly during the ________ of life.
- second half
- last years
- first half
- first year
According to Paul Baltes, as the benefits of evolutionary selection decrease with age, the need for ________ increases.
- environmental pressure
- reproduction
- job training
- culture
Ethnicity: A characteristic based on cultural heritage, nationality characteristics, race, religion, and language.
According to evolutionary developmental psychologists, many evolved psychological mechanisms are ________. That is, the mechanisms apply only to a specific aspect of a person's psychological makeup.
- domain-specific
- maladjusted
- non-operational
- unconditional
Domain Theory Of Moral Development: Theory that identifies different domains of social knowledge and reasoning, including moral, social conventional, and personal domains. These domains arise from children’s and adolescents’ attempts to understand and deal with different forms of social experience.
Which of the following statements is true of evolutionary developmental psychology?
- Many evolved psychological mechanisms apply only to a specific aspect of a person's psychological makeup.
- The mind is a general-purpose device that can be applied equally to a vast array of problems.
- All behaviors that were adaptive for our prehistoric ancestors serve us well today.
- Evolution has not impacted human development.
Evolutionary Psychology: Emphasizes the importance of adaptation, reproduction, and “survival of the fittest” in shaping behavior.
The food-scarce environment of our ancestors likely led to humans' propensity to gorge when food is available and to crave high-caloric foods, a trait that might lead to an epidemic of obesity when food is plentiful. This illustrates how
- socialization influences the development of behavior and cognitive skills in human beings.
- evolved mechanisms are not always adaptive in contemporary society.
- organisms pass on characteristics they acquire during their lifetime to their offspring.
- the benefits of evolutionary selection decrease with age.
Evolutionary Psychology: Emphasizes the importance of adaptation, reproduction, and “survival of the fittest” in shaping behavior.
In the context of evolutionary psychology, Albert Bandura (1998) acknowledged that
- "one-sided evolutionism" is primarily used to explain social behavior.
- evolutionary pressures created changes in biological structures.
- evolution dictated behavior.
- social behavior is strictly a product of evolved biology.
Psychology's newest approach, ________, emphasizes the importance of adaptation, reproduction, and "survival of the fittest" in shaping behavior.
- behavioral psychology
- humanistic psychology
- cognitive psychology
- evolutionary psychology
During fertilization, an egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell called a ________.
- blastocyst
- fetus
- gamete
- zygote
Zygote: A single cell formed through fertilization.
Sasha's 23rd chromosome pair contains two X chromosomes. This indicates that Sasha
- has Down syndrome.
- has fragile X syndrome.
- is a female.
- is a male.
Chromosomes: Threadlike structures that come in 23 pairs, with one member of each pair coming from each parent. Chromosomes contain the genetic substance DNA.
Jule's 23rd chromosome pair consists of an X chromosome and a Y chromosome. This indicates that Jule
- has Down syndrome.
- has XYY syndrome.
- is a female.
- is a male.
Gender: The characteristics of people as males or females.
________ is a stage in reproduction whereby an egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell.
- Fertilization
- Osmosis
- Meiosis
- Mitosis
Fertilization: A stage in reproduction when an egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell, called a zygote.
________ is the interaction of a specific measured variation in the DNA and a specific measured aspect of the environment.
- Heredity-environment correlation
- Evocative genotype-environment correlation
- Gene × environment (G ×
- Passive genotype-environment interaction
Gene × Environment (G × E) Interaction: The interaction of a specific measured variation in the DNA and a specific measured aspect of the environment.