________ is a type of self-esteem influenced by past accomplishments, vicarious experiences, verbal persuasion, and emotional cues.
- Task complexity
- Basic feedback
- Compensation
- Efficacy
- Valence
When employees consider efficacy levels for a given task, they consider their past accomplishments, vicarious experiences, verbal persuasion, and emotional cues.
Self-Efficacy: The belief that a person has the capabilities needed to perform the behaviors required on some task.
________ is the anticipated value of the outcomes associated with performance.
- Instrumentality
- Valence
- Equity
- Expectancy
- Self-efficacy
Valence reflects the anticipated value of the outcomes associated with performance. Salary increases, bonuses, and more informal rewards are typical examples of "positively valenced" outcomes.
Valence: The anticipated value of the outcomes associated with successful performance.
Valence can be positive, negative, or zero.
Valence reflects the anticipated value of the outcomes associated with performance. Valence can be positive, negative, or zero.
Valence: The anticipated value of the outcomes associated with successful performance.
Motivation that is felt when task performance serves as its own reward is ________ motivation.
- instrumental
- extrinsic
- intrinsic
- expectant
- efficacious
Motivation that is felt when task performance serves as its own reward is known as intrinsic motivation. Enjoyment, interestingness, accomplishment, knowledge gain, skill development, and personal expression are intrinsic outcomes, which foster intrinsic motivation.
Task Performance: Employee behaviors that are directly involved in the transformation of organizational resources into the goods or services that the organization produces.
Research suggests that employees underestimate how powerful a motivator pay is to them.
Research suggests that employees underestimate how powerful a motivator pay is to them.
Power: The ability to influence the behavior of others and resist unwanted influence in return.
Individuals who value money for the achievement, respect, and freedom it confers value the rational meaning of money.
Individuals who value money for the achievement, respect, and freedom it confers value the symbolic meaning of money.
Meaning Of Money: The idea that money can have symbolic value (e.g., achievement, respect, freedom) in addition to economic value.
________ is the cognitive groupings or clusters of outcomes that are viewed as having critical psychological or physiological consequences.
- Instrumentality
- Valence
- Equity
- Expectancy
- Needs
Needs can be defined as cognitive groupings or clusters of outcomes that are viewed as having critical psychological or physiological consequences.
Needs: Groupings or clusters of outcomes viewed as having critical psychological or physiological consequences.
Examples of physiological needs are
- autonomy, control, and responsibility.
- lasting interpersonal relationships.
- effectiveness and respect.
- food, safety, and shelter.
- purpose and fulfillment.
Food, shelter, safety, and protection required for human existence represent physiological needs.
Needs: Groupings or clusters of outcomes viewed as having critical psychological or physiological consequences.
Marilou just left her job at Valley Creek Community College. Valley Creek had not honored the wage scale they promised to employees for several years, and many of Marilou's colleagues were let go before they could retire, often with no reason given. Marilou was stressed about her inability to guess what the future would hold for her at Valley Creek. Marilou was stressed because she had a need for
- esteem.
- control.
- relatedness.
- self-regard
- self-actualization
The need for control (autonomy, responsibility) is the need to be able to predict and control one's future.
Span Of Control: Represents how many employees each manager in the organization has responsibility for.
To hold a high evaluation of oneself and to feel effective and respected by others are ________ needs.
- control
- self-actualization
- esteem
- autonomy
- relatedness
The need for esteem (self-regard, growth) includes holding a high evaluation of oneself and feeling effective and respected by others.
Needs: Groupings or clusters of outcomes viewed as having critical psychological or physiological consequences.
Ernest has a high paying, low-stress job as a buyer at a warehouse facility. Most people are envious of Ernest, but he is not happy. Ernest would rather work in a park or forest where he could help the environment and preserve nature, because that is more important to him than his high salary. Ernest's longing to work with nature is a ________ need.
- control
- self-regard
- relatedness
- responsibility
- self-actualization
The need for meaning (self-actualization) is the need to perform tasks that one cares about and that appeal to one's ideals and sense of purpose.
Socialization: The primary process by which employees learn the social knowledge that enables them to understand and adapt to the organization’s culture.
________ is an important moderator of what individuals consider to be positively or negatively valent.
- Culture
- Expectancy
- Generalizability
- Self-efficacy
- A S.M.A.R.T. goal
Culture is an important moderator of what individuals consider to be positively or negatively valent.
Culture: The shared values, beliefs, motives, identities, and interpretations that result from common experiences of members of a society and are transmitted across generations.
Motivation that is controlled by some contingency that depends on task performance is ________ motivation.
- control
- extrinsic
- intrinsic
- expectant
- efficacious
Motivation that is controlled by some contingency that depends on task performance is known as extrinsic motivation. Pay, bonuses, promotions, praise, job security, and spot awards are extrinsic outcomes, which foster extrinsic motivation.
Extinction: The removal of a positive outcome following an unwanted behavior.