Jerri and Janelle work at Logistics of Love, a nonprofit designer of homeless shelters. Last month, Janelle, newly hired on a temporary designing assignment, was asked by her supervisor to oversee the company's social media presence. Being new to using social media in a professional context, Janelle is considering her efficacy. She talks to Jerri and other individuals who have been creating professional social media content for several years. Jerri takes pride in her work-related social media posts and always approaches company-based social media with total enthusiasm. Jerri tells Janelle that she believes exerting a high level of effort will result in a successful performance in representing the company on social media. Which of the following best describes Jerri's belief about exerting a high level of effort?
- equity
- valence
- expectancy
- instrumentality
- emotional cues
Expectancy represents the belief that exerting a high level of effort will result in the successful performance of some task.
Expectancy: The belief that exerting a high level of effort will result in successful performance on some task.
Expectancy represents the belief that low performance is the outcome of high efforts.
Expectancy represents the belief that exerting a high level of effort will result in the successful performance of some task.
Expectancy: The belief that exerting a high level of effort will result in successful performance on some task.
________ is a subjective probability ranging from 0 to 1 that describes how a specific amount of effort will lead to a specific level of performance.
- Expectancy
- Meaning
- Efficacy
- Valence
- Need
Expectancy is a subjective probability, ranging from 0 to 1 that a specific amount of effort will result in a specific level of performance.
Expectancy: The belief that exerting a high level of effort will result in successful performance on some task.
________ is the belief that exerting a high level of effort will result in the successful performance of some task.
- Instrumentality
- Valence
- Equity
- Expectancy
- Psychological empowerment
Technically, expectancy is a subjective probability, ranging from 0 to 1 that a specific amount of effort will result in a specific level of performance.
Expectancy theory focuses on describing
- How goals are the primary drivers of the intensity and persistence of effort.
- the type of rewards people get from outside forces, such as wages and vacations.
- a form of intrinsic motivation in which merely performing the work tasks serves as its own reward.
- how employees create a "mental ledger" of the outcomes (or rewards) they get from their job duties.
- the cognitive process that employees go through to make choices among different voluntary responses.
The expectancy theory describes the cognitive process that employees go through to make choices among different voluntary responses.
Expectancy Theory: A theory that describes the cognitive process employees go through to make choices among different voluntary responses.
Alvin is the leader of a team of counselors at a camp for recovering addicts. He and his team have been asked to implement a new program, which on the surface looks much more difficult than what they have been doing. Before the program begins, Alvin feels he needs to give his team a speech to help motivate them for the upcoming challenge. What is the first thing Alvin should do in his speech?
- remind the team of how they worked hard to successfully overcome challenges in the past
- admit that he is not completely sure the project can be done with existing staff numbers
- tell them that he will be watching them carefully for any failure to follow procedure
- express that he has a great deal of anxiety about taking on such a huge endeavor
- tell the team they may get a raise if everything goes well for a few weeks
When employees consider efficacy levels for a given task, they first consider their past accomplishments-the degree to which they have succeeded or failed in similar sorts of tasks in the past. Most pregame speeches offered by coaches before the big game include references to past victories (past accomplishments), pep talks about how good the team can be (verbal persuasion), and cheers to rally the troops (emotional cues).
Needs: Groupings or clusters of outcomes viewed as having critical psychological or physiological consequences.
________ theory argues that employee behavior is directed toward pleasure and away from pain or, more generally, toward certain outcomes and away from others.
- Psychological empowerment
- Expectancy
- Goal setting
- Extrinsic
- Equity
Expectancy theory describes the cognitive process that employees go through to make choices among different voluntary responses and argues that employee behavior is directed toward pleasure and away from pain or, more generally, toward certain outcomes and away from others.
Employees at Carpet Lot were given a survey about the workplace. One of the questions asked them about their wages. Which of the following respondents gave a response that shows a belief in a high level of instrumentality at Carpet Lot?
- Leah, who said most people get raises because they are related to someone
- Irvin, who said wages are determined by employee job performance
- LaShawn, who said that the highest wages go to dishonest people
- Skylar, who said that most people are paid based on seniority
- Marti, who said that wages should be the same for everyone
Instrumentality represents the belief that successful performance will result in some outcome(s).
Job Performance: Employee behaviors that contribute either positively or negatively to the accomplishment of organizational goals.
Leticia has been assigned a task for which she knows that she does not have the necessary skills or knowledge. However, she really wants the bonus she can earn by completing the task. According to expectancy theory, Leticia will be highly motivated to complete the task.
Leticia will have zero motivation to complete the task. Expectancy theory states that if any element (expectancy, instrumentality, or valence) is zero, the resulting motivation level will be zero. In this situation, although valence is positive, expectancy is zero. Therefore, overall motivation will be zero.
Expectancy Theory: A theory that describes the cognitive process employees go through to make choices among different voluntary responses.
Which of the following scenarios demonstrates how workers determine efficacy levels through vicarious experiences?
- Sal looks at his diploma from a prestigious university and realizes he is very smart.
- Reno pats Ed on the back and tells him he is making great progress on his design project.
- Butch compares the salary he has just been offered to the salary he made at his previous job.
- Bill, just named sales manager, asks Fred what his job was like when he was the sales manager.
- Linda, who has a tight deadline to meet, ranks her tasks by urgency in the hopes that this will keep her on track.
When employees consider efficacy levels for a given task, they first consider their past accomplishments-the degree to which they have succeeded or failed in similar sorts of tasks in the past. They also consider vicarious experiences by taking into account their observations and discussions with others who have performed such tasks.
Vicarious Experiences: Observations of and discussions with others who have performed some work task.