According to UNICEF (2018), in most cultures around the world, ________.
- women have less power than men but are given a higher social status
- women have less power and status than men and control fewer resources
- men have less power and status than women and control most of the resources
- men have less power than women but are given a higher social status
Gender: The characteristics of people as males or females.
The social role theory suggests that
- social hierarchy and division of labor are important causes of gender differences in power, assertiveness, and nurturing.
- the mother role and the father role are social constructions that have emerged from our evolutionary past.
- social roles are chosen, not determined.
- nature is the primary determinant of differences between the social labels that we call "gender."
Social Role Theory: A theory that gender differences result from the contrasting roles of men and women.
Who among the following is most likely to be rejected by peers based on conformation to gender roles?
- a little girl in boy's clothing
- a little boy playing with a doll
- a little boy playing with a toy truck
- a little girl carrying a baseball mitt
Gender Role: A set of expectations that prescribes how females or males should think, act, and feel.
Around the age of ________, children already show a preference to spend time with same-sex playmates.
- three
- one
- two
- one and a half
Children between the ages of 4 and 12 usually prefer to play in groups that are made up of
- mixed ages.
- the same sex as theirs.
- both boys and girls.
- children from their own socioeconomic status.
Gender: The characteristics of people as males or females.
In the context of the size of same-sex groups of children, from about 5 years of age onward
- boys are more likely to associate together in larger clusters than girls are.
- girls are more likely to engage in rough-and-tumble play than boys.
- girls are more likely to participate in organized group games than boys are.
- boys are more likely than girls to play in dyads or triads.
Gender: The characteristics of people as males or females.
According to Freud, preschool boys develop a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent in a process called the
- Oedipus complex.
- Electra complex.
- Pygmalion effect.
- Golem effect.
Psychoanalytic Theories: Theories that describe development as primarily unconscious and heavily colored by emotion. Behavior is merely a surface characteristic, and the symbolic workings of the mind have to be analyzed to understand behavior. Early experiences with parents are emphasized.
The psychoanalytic theory of gender stems from Freud's view that a preschool child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent. Which of the following describes this condition in girls?
- the Galatea effect
- the Electra complex
- the Golem effect
- the Oedipus complex
Psychoanalytic Theory Of Gender: A theory deriving from Freud’s view that the preschool child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent, by approximately 5 or 6 years of age renounces this attraction because of anxious feelings, and subsequently identifies with the same-sex parent, unconsciously adopting the same-sex parent’s characteristics.
The ________ of gender stems from the view that a preschool child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent.
- psychoanalytic theory
- social cognitive theory
- evolutionary psychology view
- social role theory
Psychoanalytic Theories: Theories that describe development as primarily unconscious and heavily colored by emotion. Behavior is merely a surface characteristic, and the symbolic workings of the mind have to be analyzed to understand behavior. Early experiences with parents are emphasized.
Which of the following is a primary social theory of gender?
- the evolutionary psychology view
- Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory
- the psychoanalytic theory
- gender schema theory
Psychoanalytic Theories: Theories that describe development as primarily unconscious and heavily colored by emotion. Behavior is merely a surface characteristic, and the symbolic workings of the mind have to be analyzed to understand behavior. Early experiences with parents are emphasized.
From a young age, Karen has always been praised by her parents for her feminine behavior. Her parents reward her behavior by saying such statements as "Karen, you look very pretty in your frock." Her brother, on the other hand, is reprimanded for playing with Karen's dolls. In the context of social influences on gender development, this scenario is in accordance with the ________ of gender.
- psychoanalytic theory
- social cognitive theory
- gender schema theory
- social role theory
Social Cognitive Theory: The view of psychologists who emphasize behavior, environment, and cognition as the key factors in development.
According to Erik Erikson, the psychosocial stage that characterizes early childhood is
- initiative versus guilt.
- autonomy versus shame and doubt.
- industry versus inferiority.
- trust versus mistrust.
According to Erik Erikson, the great governor of initiative is
- conscience.
- independence.
- fear.
- obedience.
Conscience: An internal regulation of standards of right and wrong that involves integrating moral thought, feeling, and behavior.
A meta-analysis of studies in 14 countries by Mares and Pan (2013) found that children's shows such as Sesame Street:
- produced positive outcomes in the area of social reasoning.
- were detrimental to children learning positive social interchange.
- were good electronic babysitters but not good at teaching any skills.
- led to negative attitudes toward outgroups.
Steur, Applefield, and Smith conducted an experiment where preschool children were randomly assigned to two groups. One group watched cartoons containing violence, and the other group watched cartoons with the violence removed. During a free-play session, the children who watched the cartoons containing violence showed more aggression than children who watched the nonviolent cartoons. What conclusion was drawn from this study?
- Preschool children are naturally more aggressive than older children.
- Violent TV cartoons caused the increased aggression in the children in this investigation.
- The cause of aggression cannot be determined since aggression is caused by so many other factors.
- Exposure to TV violence caused the aggression in the children in this investigation.
Experiment: A carefully regulated procedure in which one or more of the factors believed to influence the behavior being studied are manipulated while all other factors are held constant.