If the word "win" is on a list of words a child is asked to remember, the child might think of the last time he won a pony race with a friend. This is an example of
- rehearsal.
- organization.
- inclusion.
- elaboration.
Elaboration: An important strategy for remembering that involves engaging in more extensive processing of information.
At some point during the early elementary school years, children begin to use ________ more and, according to fuzzy trace theory, this contributes to the improved memory and reasoning of older children.
- verbatim traces
- elaboration
- verbal traces
- gist
Fuzzy Trace Theory: States that memory is best understood by considering two types of memory representations: (1) verbatim memory trace, and (2) gist. In this theory, older children’s better memory is attributed to the fuzzy traces created by extracting the gist of information.
A teacher uses pictures to teach her students about a particular concept. She is confident that doing so will help the children remember the concept easily. Identify the strategy that the teacher is using to improve her students' memory.
- encouraging elaboration
- engaging in mental imagery
- motivating students to remember the concept by understanding it rather than memorizing it
- repeating the concept multiple times
Elaboration: An important strategy for remembering that involves engaging in more extensive processing of information.
Which of the following is a strategy for improving children's memory skills?
- Avoid repetition of the same instructional information.
- Embed memory-relevant language when instructing children.
- Motivate children to remember material by memorizing it.
- Discourage children from engaging in mental imagery.
Memory: A central feature of cognitive development, pertaining to all situations in which an individual retains information over time.
According to fuzzy trace theory, ________ consists of the precise details of the information.
- the gist
- the verbatim memory trace
- the fuzzy trace
- mental imagery
Fuzzy Trace Theory: States that memory is best understood by considering two types of memory representations: (1) verbatim memory trace, and (2) gist. In this theory, older children’s better memory is attributed to the fuzzy traces created by extracting the gist of information.
Compared with novices, experts have
- poorer overall memory regardless of their area of expertise.
- acquired extensive knowledge about a particular content area.
- less experience in their area of expertise.
- lower levels of motivation.
________ develops more rapidly during early childhood, and ________ develops more rapidly during middle and late childhood.
- Long-term memory; short-term memory
- Short-term memory; long-term memory
- Knowledge; expertise
- Expertise; knowledge
Short-Term Memory: The memory component in which individuals retain information for up to 30 seconds, assuming there is no rehearsal of the information.
________ involves knowing about knowing.
- Cognition
- Brainstorming
- Metacognition
- Metadata
Metacognition: Cognition about cognition, or knowing about knowing.
As an elementary school teacher, Helen is always trying to find more ways to increase creativity in her students. She approaches her colleague for guidance. Which of the following would be her advice to Helen?
- Discourage intellectual risk-taking.
- Exercise strict control over a child's ideas.
- Guide children to be persistent and delay gratification.
- Discourage methods such as brainstorming.
Natasha's teacher is trying out a new technique for group discussions. She forms a group of six students and gives them a topic-the importance of exercise in a child's physical development. She encourages the group to talk about the topic, the pros and cons, and the issues and solutions. The students each give their own views and collectively come to the conclusion that exercise is very important in a child's physical development. Identify the technique used by the teacher.
- elaboration
- metacognition
- brainstorming
- inclusion
Brainstorming: A technique in which individuals are encouraged to come up with creative ideas in a group, play off each other’s ideas, and say almost anything that comes to mind.
________ refers to a technique in which individuals are encouraged to come up with creative ideas in a group, play off each other's ideas, and say almost anything that comes to mind that seems relevant to a particular issue.
- Elaboration
- Metacognition
- Brainstorming
- Inclusion
Brainstorming: A technique in which individuals are encouraged to come up with creative ideas in a group, play off each other’s ideas, and say almost anything that comes to mind.
Michael Pressley believes that the key to education is helping students to
- develop social skills.
- learn creativity.
- learn a repertoire of problem-solving strategies.
- distinguish between convergent and divergent thinking.
Strategies: Deliberate mental activities that improve the processing of information.
Megan, who is eight years old, has a test tomorrow. "It's an easy test," she tells her mother. "I just have to recognize a bunch of stuff on a chart. I finished studying for it yesterday. I know that I'll remember everything I need to know." Megan is exhibiting her
- brainstorming ability.
- creative thinking.
- metamemory.
- metadata.
Memory: A central feature of cognitive development, pertaining to all situations in which an individual retains information over time.
Knowledge about memory is known as
- metamemory.
- working memory.
- implicit memory.
- metadata.
Memory: A central feature of cognitive development, pertaining to all situations in which an individual retains information over time.
Eight-year-old Ella can use scissors to cut small paper dolls out of craft paper, something she could not do at age three. What best accounts for her improving dexterity?
- increased cortical thickening in the temporal lobe
- increased myelination of the central nervous system
- increased bone ossification
- increased muscle development
Myelination: The process by which the nerve cells are covered and insulated with a layer of fat cells, which increases the speed at which information travels through the nervous system.
The improvement of fine motor skills during middle and late childhood is due to
- increased myelination of the central nervous system.
- advances in the prefrontal cortex.
- an increase in the neurotransmitter dopamine.
- a simultaneous process in which axons in the brain die, while dendrites in the brain grow and branch out.
Fine Motor Skills: Motor skills that involve more finely tuned movements, such as finger dexterity.